Anatomy is the study of structure while Physiology is the study of how a structure functions or works. If the structure changes, the function may also change.
Levels of Structural Organization: atom -> cell -> organ -> organ system -> organism
*Body functions interact to maintain homeostasis, or a relatively stable internal environment within the body. All homeostatic control mechanisms have a receptor that responds to environmental changes and a control center that assesses those changes and produces a response by activating a third element, the effector.
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
a. Superior (cranial, cephalad) : towards the head
b. Inferior (caudal) : below something else, toward the tail
c. Anterior (ventral):toward the front of the body or structure
d. Posterior (dorsal):toward the rear or back of the body or structure
e. Medial:toward the midline of the body
f. Lateral:away from the midline of the body
g. Intermediate:between a more medial and a more lateral structure
h. Proximal:closer to the point of attachment
i. Distal:farther from the point of attachment.
j. Superficial (eternal):at or close to the body surface
k. Deep (internal):below or away from the body surface
BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS
a. Sagittal section: separates the body longitudinally into right and left parts
b. Frontal (coronal): separates into anterior and posterior parts
c. Transverse (cross) section: superior and inferior parts
BODY CAVITIES
a. Dorsal: well protected by bone, has two subdivisions (1) Cranial: contains the brain (2)Spinal : contains the spinal cord
b. Ventral: less protected by the cavity, has two subdivisions (1) thoracic : superior cavity that extends inferiorly to the diaphragm contains heart and lungs, which are protected by the rib cage (2) Abdominopelvic : cavity inferioir to the diaphragm tat contains the digestive, urinary and reproductive organs. They aer only protected by trunk muscles with some protection by the bony pelvis. It is often divided into four quadrants or nine regions.
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